Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars outside of our solar system. The discovery of exoplanets has revolutionized our understanding of the universe and opened up new areas of research in astronomy and astrobiology. They are typically detected through indirect methods such as observing the periodic dimming of a star’s light as a planet passes in front of it or measuring the wobble of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting planet. Exoplanets come in a wide range of sizes, compositions, and orbits, and the search for exoplanets and the study of their properties is an active area of research in astronomy.
1. Kepler-438b
Kepler-438b is a small, rocky exoplanet that orbits a red dwarf star about 640 light-years away from Earth. Discovered in 2015 by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, this planet is about 12% larger than Earth and receives about 40% more energy from its star, making it too hot to support life as we know it. However, it’s still considered one of the most Earth-like exoplanets discovered to date, with the potential to have a rocky surface and a similar composition to our own planet. Kepler-438b’s discovery has provided valuable insights into the prevalence of Earth-like planets in the universe and has opened up new avenues of research into the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
2. Trappist-1d
Trappist-1d is one of the seven Earth-sized exoplanets discovered in 2017 orbiting the ultra-cool dwarf star Trappist-1, located about 39 light-years away from Earth. This planet is roughly the same size as Earth and orbits its star every 4.05 days, receiving about the same amount of energy as Mars does from the Sun. Trappist-1d is located in the habitable zone of its star, where temperatures are just right for liquid water to exist on its surface, making it a prime target in the search for potentially habitable exoplanets. The discovery of Trappist-1d has sparked excitement and renewed interest in the possibility of finding life beyond our Solar System.
3. HD 209458b
HD 209458b, also known as Osiris, is a gas giant exoplanet located about 150 light-years away in the constellation Pegasus. Discovered in 1999, it was the first exoplanet observed passing in front of its star, allowing scientists to study its atmosphere in detail. HD 209458b is about 1.4 times the size of Jupiter and orbits its star every 3.5 days. It’s known for its unique atmosphere, which contains hydrogen, helium, and water vapor, as well as traces of sodium, carbon, and oxygen. Its discovery has provided valuable insights into the study of exoplanet atmospheres and has paved the way for future research in this field.
4. Gliese 581g
Gliese 581g is a controversial exoplanet located about 20 light-years away in the constellation Libra. Discovered in 2010, it was hailed as the first potentially habitable exoplanet due to its location in the habitable zone of its star and its rocky composition. However, its existence has since been called into question by some astronomers who argue that the data used to discover the planet may have been misinterpreted. Despite the controversy, the discovery of Gliese 581g has led to renewed interest in the search for habitable exoplanets and has inspired new methods for detecting and characterizing these distant worlds.
5. Kepler-16b
Kepler-16b is an exoplanet located about 200 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus. Discovered in 2011, it’s known for being the first confirmed exoplanet to orbit two stars, similar to the fictional planet Tatooine from the Star Wars franchise. Kepler-16b is a gas giant about the size of Saturn and orbits its two parent stars every 229 days. Its discovery has provided valuable insights into the formation and stability of planets in binary star systems, as well as the diversity of planetary systems that exist beyond our own Solar System.
6. WASP-12b
WASP-12b is a gas giant exoplanet located about 600 light-years away in the constellation Auriga. Discovered in 2008, it’s known for being one of the hottest and most massive exoplanets discovered to date, with a mass nearly twice that of Jupiter and a surface temperature that exceeds 2500 degrees Celsius. WASP-12b orbits its star so closely that it’s being torn apart by tidal forces, causing it to lose mass and form a tail similar to that of a comet. Its discovery has provided valuable insights into the extreme conditions that can exist on exoplanets and has opened up new avenues of research into the dynamics of planetary systems.
7. 51 Pegasi b
51 Pegasi b is an exoplanet located about 50 light-years away in the constellation Pegasus. Discovered in 1995, it was the first confirmed exoplanet to be discovered orbiting a Sun-like star using the radial velocity method. 51 Pegasi b is a gas giant about half the size of Jupiter and orbits its star every 4.2 days. Its discovery challenged existing theories of planet formation and sparked a revolution in the field of exoplanet research, leading to the discovery of thousands of other exoplanets in the following decades. The discovery of 51 Pegasi b has paved the way for a new era of exploration and discovery in astronomy.
8. GJ 1214b
GJ 1214b is a exoplanet located approximately 40 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Ophiuchus. It was discovered in 2009 and is about 2.7 times the size of Earth, making it a “super-Earth”. It has a relatively low density, indicating that it is likely composed of a significant amount of water or other volatile materials. It orbits a red dwarf star every 1.6 days and has a temperature of about 230 degrees Celsius, making it too hot to support life as we know it. However, it is an important target for astronomers studying the composition and atmospheres of exoplanets.
9. HD 80606b
HD 80606b is a gas giant exoplanet that orbits a star in the constellation Ursa Major, located about 190 light-years from Earth. It was discovered in 2001 and is known for its highly eccentric orbit, which takes it from a distance closer to its star than Mercury to a distance five times farther away than Neptune. This results in extreme temperature swings, with temperatures reaching over 1,000 degrees Celsius during the closest approach and dropping to about minus 200 degrees Celsius at its farthest point. Its atmosphere has been found to contain molecules such as water vapor and carbon monoxide, making it a fascinating target for further study.
10. Kepler-186f
Kepler-186f is an exoplanet located about 500 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft in 2014 and is about the same size as Earth, making it the first known Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone of another star. The habitable zone is the region around a star where conditions may be suitable for liquid water and potentially life. Although its mass and composition are not well known, it is thought to be a rocky planet. Its discovery has led to further exploration of Earth-sized exoplanets and the search for potential signs of life beyond our solar system.
