A new study indicates that companion dogs trained using aversive-based methods may have long-term negative effects on their mental state as compared to reward-based training methods.The study included 42 dogs from three reward-based training schools and 50 dogs from four aversive-based training schools. During the training, researchers noticed more stress-related behaviors and body postures in the dogs from aversive-based training schools as compared to other dogs. Researchers believe the study provided evidence that reward-based training may be more effective and better for your dog’s happiness and mental stability.